DOI 10.55206/DBWQ9885
Seungeun Lee
Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Department of European Studies
E-mail:seungeun.lee2008@gmail.com
Abstract: This study examines the evolution of Korean migration to Eastern Europe, with particular attention paid to Hungary, Slovakia, and Bulgaria. A comparative analysis of these three countries demonstrates that economic engagement constitutes the primary determinant of migration flows. The findings indicate that migration trajectories are closely associated with patterns of South Korean foreign direct investment in the region. Korean immigration has developed through distinct phases: beginning with isolated diplomatic and entrepreneurial initiatives during the post-Communist transition, advancing to corporate-driven movements connected to large-scale industrial investments, and more recently diversifying to include students, professionals, and families. Based on these findings, the study advances recommendations designed to strengthen the nexus between investment and immigration, to facilitate the sustainable settlement of Korean migrants, and to promote long-term cultural, social, and economic partnerships in Eastern Europe. The proposed measures include expanding intergovernmental cooperation through bilateral agreements, aligning immigration and investment policies, and enhancing the role of corporations in fostering cultural adaptation, social integration, and sustainable localization strategies.
Keywords: immigration, European countries, Korea, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, comparative analysis.
Rhetoric and Communications Journal, issue 65, October 2025